Author name: Mr. Sushil Alewa

A stock’s market price tells you what investors are willing to pay today. Its value reflects what the underlying business may reasonably be worth based on earnings, cash flows, assets, growth and risk. According to Sushil Alewa, SEBI Registered Research Analyst (INH100009433), fundamental analysis involves examining a company’s financial health, growth prospects and broader economic conditions rather than looking at price alone. So, how do you know if a stock is overvalued or undervalued? The answer starts with one question: Is the current share price justified by the company’s future earnings, cash flows, quality and growth potential? What Do Overvalued and Undervalued Mean? A stock may be undervalued when its estimated intrinsic or fair value is higher than its current market price. It may be overvalued when the market price is significantly higher than a reasonable estimate of its value. However, valuation is not an exact science. Different investors can calculate different fair values because their assumptions about growth, interest rates, margins and risk may differ. Start With the Business Before checking valuation ratios, understand the company. Ask: For investors learning Fundamental Analysis, understanding the business is the foundation of stock valuation. Use the P/E Ratio Carefully The Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio is one of the most commonly used valuation measures: P/E = Market Price per Share ÷ Earnings per Share A lower P/E can indicate a cheaper valuation, while a higher P/E can indicate that investors are paying more for each rupee of earnings. But neither automatically means undervalued or overvalued. For example: Company B’s higher P/E may reflect stronger expected growth. Compare a company’s P/E with its NSE-listed industry peers, its own historical average, and the broader Nifty valuation. Other Stock Valuation Metrics Investors should avoid depending on one ratio. If you want to understand how business valuation connects with broader market analysis, explore ISFM’s Technical Analysis Course. Estimate Intrinsic Value One approach is Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis. It estimates what future cash flows are worth today. A simplified process is: If estimated value is above the market price, the stock may be undervalued. If it is below the market price, it may be overvalued. Another approach is relative valuation, where you compare P/E, EV/EBITDA, P/B and other metrics with similar companies. Check Earnings Quality and Cash Flow Reported profit alone can be misleading. Check whether: A stock with a low P/E but declining earnings and weak cash flow could be a value trap. Growth and Valuation Go Together Valuation must always be considered alongside growth. A company growing earnings rapidly, maintaining strong margins and generating cash may deserve a premium valuation. But if future growth falls short of expectations, a highly valued stock can experience a sharp valuation contraction. For investors who want to understand how valuation interacts with derivatives and market expectations, an Options Trading Course can provide additional market context. Warning Signs Potential overvaluation may involve: Potential undervaluation may involve genuine problems such as declining revenue, high debt, regulatory pressure, weak governance or permanent industry disruption. A stock falling 50% does not automatically make it undervalued. A Practical Valuation Checklist Before investing: For investors interested in combining financial analysis with technology and systematic decision-making, ISFM also offers an Algo Trading Course. Conclusion Learning how to find undervalued stocks is not simply about finding companies with low P/E ratios. Similarly, a high P/E does not automatically mean a stock is a bubble. Good fundamental analysis in India combines valuation, earnings quality, cash flow, growth, financial strength, industry conditions and a margin of safety. “A low price is not always a bargain, and a high price is not always a bubble. The real question is whether the company’s future can justify what the market is paying today.” Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is an undervalued stock? A stock may be undervalued when its estimated intrinsic value is higher than its current market price. 2. Is a low P/E ratio always good? No. A low P/E may reflect weak growth, falling earnings, high debt or other business risks. 3. Can a high P/E stock still be attractive? Yes. Strong growth, profitability, cash generation and competitive advantages may justify a higher valuation. 4. What is a value trap? A value trap is a stock that appears cheap based on valuation ratios but continues to decline because its underlying business has serious or worsening problems. Financial Risk Disclaimer This article is for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute investment advice, a recommendation, or a solicitation to buy or sell any security. Investors should conduct their own research and consider consulting a SEBI-registered investment professional before making investment decisions.

In technical analysis, trends rarely change without giving some warning. Imagine a stock making higher highs and higher lows, but suddenly breaking below its latest important higher low. This may be the first sign that buyers are losing control. According to Sushil Alewa, SEBI Registered Research Analyst (INH100009433), understanding market structure is important because traders should focus on price behaviour, context and confirmation rather than reacting to a single candle or isolated signal. This is where Change of Character (CHoCH) becomes useful. CHoCH is a price-action concept widely used in Smart Money Concepts (SMC) to identify a possible change in market behaviour. It can provide an early warning of a weakening trend, but it is not a guaranteed reversal signal. What Is Market Structure? Before identifying CHoCH, traders need to understand market structure: The existing structure provides the context. Traders should identify meaningful swing points rather than treating every small price movement as a structural break. For traders looking to strengthen their chart-reading skills, the ISFM Technical Analysis Course covers technical analysis, market trends, price action and related trading concepts. What Is Change of Character? A Change of Character (CHoCH) generally occurs when price breaks a meaningful swing point against the prevailing trend. In an uptrend, price breaking below an important Higher Low may indicate a bearish CHoCH. In a downtrend, price breaking above an important Lower High may indicate a bullish CHoCH. Some traders use terms such as Market Structure Shift (MSS) similarly, although terminology can vary between trading frameworks. Bearish CHoCH Example Suppose a stock forms: If price later closes below ₹114, the bullish structure has been damaged. This may represent a bearish CHoCH. However, it does not automatically confirm a complete downtrend. Traders may wait for a Lower High and additional bearish confirmation. The same concept can be applied to Nifty, Bank Nifty or individual stocks on suitable intraday or swing-trading timeframes. Bullish CHoCH Example Consider a downtrend: If price subsequently closes above ₹106, the bearish structure has been damaged. This may represent a bullish CHoCH. Traders can then watch for a Higher Low followed by a possible Higher High. CHoCH vs BOS One of the biggest SMC learning points is understanding CHoCH vs BOS. CHoCH BOS Break against the prevailing trend Break generally supporting the existing trend Early warning of possible reversal Often signals continuation May indicate changing market control Supports existing market structure For example, in an uptrend, breaking above a previous Higher High can be interpreted as a bullish BOS. Breaking below an important Higher Low can indicate a bearish CHoCH. After CHoCH, a BOS in the new direction can provide additional evidence of a possible change in control. How Traders Use CHoCH? Traders may use CHoCH to: Those interested in derivatives can explore the ISFM Advanced Derivatives Course to build a broader understanding of derivatives and trading strategies. Confirmation Filters A CHoCH can become more meaningful when supported by: No single confirmation guarantees a successful trade. Avoiding False CHoCH Signals False signals can occur when: A liquidity sweep can also look like a CHoCH initially, so traders should avoid treating every break as a confirmed reversal. For traders interested in systematic trading, the ISFM Algo Trading Course can help build knowledge of strategy development, backtesting and automation. Common Mistakes Avoid: For traders who want to combine technical analysis with company evaluation, the ISFM Fundamental Analysis Course can provide additional perspective on fundamental analysis. Simple CHoCH Checklist Before acting on a potential CHoCH, ask: FAQs About CHoCH 1. Is CHoCH a guaranteed reversal signal? No. CHoCH is an early warning of a possible change in market structure. Confirmation is important before making a trading decision. 2. What is the difference between CHoCH and BOS? CHoCH generally represents a break against the prevailing trend, while BOS is commonly used for a structural break supporting the existing trend. 3. Can CHoCH be used for Nifty and Bank Nifty? Yes. CHoCH can be applied to indices, stocks, forex and crypto across different timeframes, provided the relevant market structure is clearly identified. 4. What should traders look for after CHoCH? Traders may look for follow-through, a retest, a Lower High after bearish CHoCH or a Higher Low after bullish CHoCH, along with confirmation from the broader market context. Conclusion CHoCH helps traders recognise a possible shift in market control before a completely developed new trend becomes obvious. Its real value comes from combining structure, context, confirmation and disciplined risk management. “CHoCH is not a command to enter. It is an invitation to pay attention, wait for evidence, and prepare for a possible change in direction.”

A B.Com degree can be an excellent starting point for building a career in the stock market. Unlike the common perception that stock-market careers are limited to becoming a trader, the industry offers opportunities in research, dealing, wealth management, investment advisory, operations, sales and financial analysis. The Indian securities market also has a structured certification ecosystem. For example, NISM offers certifications covering equity derivatives, research analysis, investment advisory, securities operations, mutual funds and other market functions. For a B.Com graduate, the biggest advantage is that subjects such as accounting, financial management, economics, taxation and business studies already provide a foundation for understanding companies and financial markets. So, if you are asking “What can I do after B.Com in the stock market?”, here are seven practical career paths to consider. 7 Best Stock Market Careers After B.Com Role Typical Starting Salary* Experienced Salary* Key Skills Equity Dealer ₹2.5–4.5 LPA ₹6–12+ LPA Trading, technical analysis Research Analyst ₹3.5–6 LPA ₹8–18+ LPA Fundamental research, valuation Relationship/Wealth Manager ₹3–5 LPA ₹8–15+ LPA Sales, client management Investment Adviser ₹3.5–6 LPA ₹8–20+ LPA Financial planning, advisory Equity/Derivatives Trader ₹3–6 LPA ₹8–20+ LPA+ Risk management, trading Stock Market Operations Executive ₹2.5–4.5 LPA ₹5–10 LPA Settlement, compliance Mutual Fund/Investment Product Specialist ₹3–5 LPA ₹7–15+ LPA Mutual funds, distribution *Salary ranges are indicative market ranges rather than guaranteed compensation. Actual pay varies considerably by employer, city, experience, certifications, performance incentives and role. Which Stock Market Career Is Best After B.Com? There is no single best career for every B.Com graduate. Your choice should depend on your skills, personality and career objective. If you enjoy… Consider Live markets & trading Equity Dealer Company analysis Research Analyst Client interaction Relationship/Wealth Manager Financial planning Investment Adviser Trading & derivatives Trader Processes & accuracy Operations/Risk Mutual funds & investments Investment Product Specialist Which Career Has the Highest Growth Potential? If we look beyond the first salary package, some roles can provide particularly strong long-term opportunities. 1. Research Analyst Research can lead to: Research Analyst → Senior Analyst → Sector Head → Fund/Portfolio Research → Investment Management Strong analytical skills, valuation expertise and industry knowledge can significantly improve career prospects. 2. Wealth Management A successful wealth manager can progress from managing individual relationships to handling high-net-worth clients and larger portfolios. 3. Investment Advisory For professionals who meet applicable regulatory requirements, investment advisory can eventually become an entrepreneurial career. 4. Trading Professional trading can have high upside, but it also has high performance pressure and risk. NISM Certifications After B.Com NISM certifications can help bridge the gap between an academic B.Com degree and securities-market employment. Some relevant options include: Career Interest Relevant NISM Certification Equity Derivatives NISM-Series-VIII Research Analyst NISM-Series-XV Investment Adviser NISM-Series-X-A & X-B Securities Operations NISM-Series-VII Mutual Funds NISM-Series-V-A Currency Derivatives NISM-Series-I Commodity Derivatives NISM-Series-XVI NISM’s current certification list includes these and several other securities-market examinations. For example, the current NISM Series VIII Equity Derivatives examination carries a ₹1,500 fee, 100 questions, 2-hour duration and 60% passing score, with 25% negative marking. Similarly, the current Series XV Research Analyst examination has 100 marks, a 60% passing requirement and 25% negative marking. Is Stock Market a Good Career After B.Com? Yes, but only if you treat it as a profession rather than a shortcut to making money. The financial markets offer multiple career paths, from research and trading to wealth management, advisory, operations and investment products. The biggest advantage for a B.Com graduate is that you already have exposure to accounts, finance, economics and business concepts. The next step is to add market-specific knowledge, certifications and practical experience. The industry is also becoming increasingly specialised. Current market developments show strong demand for advanced quantitative and technology skills in certain trading environments, while traditional market roles continue to require strong financial and regulatory knowledge. Final Verdict If you have completed B.Com and want to enter the stock market, you do not need to limit yourself to becoming a trader. You can build a career as an: For analytical students, Research Analyst can be an excellent long-term choice. For people who enjoy markets and execution, Equity Dealer or Trading may be more suitable. For strong communicators, Wealth Management can offer attractive growth. And for those interested in financial planning and advice, Investment Advisory can become a specialised career path subject to the applicable regulatory requirements. Your B.Com degree opens the door—but specialised knowledge, NISM certifications, practical exposure and continuous learning can determine how far you go.

A trader takes a position with a clearly defined stop-loss. The trade goes against them, and ₹1,000 is lost. It is frustrating, but manageable. According to Sushil Alewa, SEBI Registered Research Analyst (INH100009433), revenge trading often begins when a trader stops focusing on the next valid market opportunity and starts focusing on recovering the money lost in the previous trade. What appears to be a simple attempt to recover ₹1,000 can quickly lead to larger positions, impulsive decisions, and repeated losses. The trader immediately enters another position, this time with a larger quantity. The setup is not perfect, but it looks good enough. That trade also loses. Now the trader increases the position size again, moves the stop-loss farther away, and starts taking trades simply because they want to recover the earlier loss. What began as a ₹1,000 loss can quickly become a ₹5,000, ₹10,000, or even larger loss. This is the danger of revenge trading. A losing trade is a normal part of trading. The real problem begins when a trader tries to force the market to return the money immediately. Understanding this cycle can help traders recognise it before a manageable loss becomes a trading disaster. What Is Revenge Trading? Revenge trading occurs when a trader enters a new position primarily to recover a recent loss rather than because a valid trading setup exists. There is an important difference between a planned trade and a revenge trade: Planned Trade Revenge Trade Based on a defined setup Based on urgency or frustration Follows risk limits Often increases risk Has predefined entry and exit Rules may change during the trade Accepts the possibility of a loss Focuses on recovering money Follows the trading plan Abandons the trading plan Common signs include immediately re-entering after a stop-loss, increasing position size, ignoring confirmation, trading unfamiliar instruments, widening the stop-loss, or focusing more on the money lost than on the quality of the next setup. For traders who want to improve their understanding of chart-based setups, entries, exits, and technical indicators, a structured Technical Analysis Course can provide a foundation for making decisions based on predefined market conditions rather than impulse. How the Loss Spiral Develops Revenge trading often follows a predictable sequence: 1. A legitimate trade hits the stop-loss: The loss may actually be completely consistent with the trading plan. 2. Emotional pressure increases: The trader feels frustration, anger, disappointment, or embarrassment. 3. The focus shifts from execution to recovery: Instead of asking, “Is there a valid setup?”, the trader starts thinking, “How can I make ₹1,000 back?” 4. Risk increases: The trader takes a larger position or accepts a lower-quality setup. 5. Another loss occurs: The original loss now feels even more important. 6. Rules start disappearing: The trader may widen the stop-loss, take multiple trades, or enter without confirmation. At this point, the trader is no longer responding primarily to market conditions. The previous loss has become the centre of the decision-making process. Why Do Traders Chase Losses? Several psychological factors can contribute to revenge trading. 1. Loss Aversion Losses often feel more painful than equivalent gains feel rewarding. After losing money, the desire to eliminate that loss can become extremely strong. 2. Ego A losing trade can feel like being wrong. A trader may therefore take another position to prove that their original view was correct. 3. Overconfidence After a loss, some traders assume the next trade will work because they feel they are “due” for a winning trade. 4. FOMO and Urgency The trader may feel that waiting means missing the opportunity to recover the money. 5. Anchoring The previous loss becomes a mental reference point. Every new trade is judged by whether it brings the account closer to its earlier level. The Real Cost of Revenge Trading Consider a simple example: If all three trades lose, the total loss becomes ₹7,000. The original ₹1,000 loss was not necessarily the disaster. The uncontrolled escalation that followed created the bigger problem. This becomes particularly important in derivatives, where leverage can magnify the financial impact of incorrect decisions. Traders looking to understand option strategies, option-chain analysis, Greeks, and risk management can explore ISFM’s Options Trading Course. Revenge trading can damage more than capital. It can affect decision quality, risk discipline, confidence, trading records, and long-term consistency. Warning Signs You Are About to Revenge Trade Before placing another trade, ask yourself: If several of these thoughts sound familiar, stepping away from the screen may be better than taking another trade. A Practical Anti-Revenge Trading Plan The strongest defence against revenge trading is not simply willpower. It is having rules that make emotional decisions harder to execute. Take a mandatory break: After a meaningful loss, step away from the trading screen for a predefined period. Set a daily maximum-loss limit: Decide before the session how much you are willing to lose. Once the limit is reached, stop trading. Never increase size to recover money: Position size should be based on your trading plan, not your previous loss. Limit the number of trades: A maximum-trades-per-session rule can reduce impulsive overtrading. Predefine the stop-loss: Know where the trade is invalidated before entering. Do not widen the stop simply because the position is losing. Write down the trade reason: Record the setup, entry, stop-loss, target, and reason before entering. Reduce size after a losing streak: Increasing risk after losses increases emotional pressure. Smaller size can help restore discipline. For traders seeking a broader understanding of equity, technical analysis, derivatives, and trading practices, ISFM’s Chartered Stock Trading Expert (CSTX) program provides structured learning across these areas. Rule-based traders can also explore how systematic strategies can reduce emotional interference through an Algo Trading Course, particularly when strategies are tested and executed according to predefined rules. How to Recover After a Bad Trading Day If you have already entered a revenge-trading spiral, the first objective should not be recovering the money immediately. Stop trading. Then record what happened without self-judgment. Separate a normal strategy loss from a

A small stock-market partnership started in 1987 with two people eventually grew into Motilal Oswal Financial Services, a diversified financial-services group with businesses across broking, wealth management, asset management, investment banking and other financial activities. At the centre of this journey was Raamdeo Agrawal, a Chartered Accountant and investor who developed a reputation for research-driven, long-term investing. According to Sushil Alewa, SEBI Registered Research Analyst (INH100009433), the most valuable part of the Raamdeo Agrawal success story is not simply his financial success, but the process behind it. His journey demonstrates how accounting knowledge, business understanding, disciplined research and patience can shape a long-term approach to investing. From Chartered Accountant to Stock Market Professional Raamdeo Agrawal’s professional foundation was accounting. He qualified as a Chartered Accountant, developing a strong understanding of financial statements, business performance and valuation. This background later became an important part of his investment approach. Instead of looking at stocks simply as prices moving up and down on a screen, Agrawal developed an interest in understanding the businesses behind those stocks. For investors, this is an important distinction. A share represents ownership in a business. Therefore, studying sales, profits, cash flows, management quality and competitive advantages can be more meaningful for a long-term investor than focusing only on short-term price movements. This is where Fundamental Analysis becomes important. Understanding balance sheets, profit and loss statements, cash flows and valuation can help investors analyse what they are actually buying. Meeting Motilal Oswal and Starting a Business Raamdeo Agrawal and Motilal Oswal met in Mumbai and discovered a shared interest in the stock market. In 1987, they began their partnership as a small sub-broking business. The environment was very different from today’s market. There were no mobile trading applications, instant financial websites or easily accessible digital research platforms. Building a financial-services business therefore required market knowledge, relationships, client service and professional discipline. Over the following decades, the business expanded into a diversified financial-services group. The journey from a small operation to a major financial institution became an important part of the Motilal Oswal founder story. Early Market Mistakes and Important Lessons Agrawal’s investing journey was not without mistakes. The dramatic bull market around 1990–92 and the market correction that followed provided important lessons about market cycles, risk and valuation. Like many market participants, he experienced periods when investment decisions did not work as expected. One important lesson that emerged was the danger of owning too many businesses without sufficient understanding or conviction. Over time, his approach became increasingly focused on identifying businesses that could be researched deeply and held for the long term. This does not mean every investor should concentrate their portfolio. Concentration can increase risk when research, position sizing and risk management are inadequate. How Warren Buffett Influenced His Investment Strategy? A major influence on Raamdeo Agrawal was Warren Buffett. Studying Buffett’s annual letters and investment philosophy encouraged Agrawal to think differently about stock ownership. Instead of treating shares primarily as short-term trading instruments, he increasingly viewed them as ownership interests in businesses. This thinking placed greater importance on business quality, sustainable growth, management, competitive advantages and valuation. The concept of compounding became particularly important. Imagine a business that steadily increases its earnings and reinvests capital productively. If that growth continues for many years, the value created can become significantly larger over time. For investors who also want to understand how market prices and trends behave, learning Technical Analysis provides a complementary perspective. Fundamental analysis studies the business, while technical analysis focuses primarily on price and market behaviour. Understanding the QGLP Investing Framework One of the most recognised elements of the Raamdeo Agrawal investment strategy is the QGLP framework. Q — Quality Quality refers to the strength of the underlying business. Investors may examine management quality, competitive advantages, financial strength, governance and the company’s ability to generate returns on capital. G — Growth A quality company also needs sustainable growth. Investors can examine whether sales, profits and cash flows can grow over time and whether the company’s market opportunity provides room for expansion. L — Longevity Growth becomes especially powerful when it can continue for many years. Longevity therefore focuses on whether the business can remain competitive, relevant and capable of compounding over a long period. P — Price Even a high-quality business can become an expensive investment if its valuation is too high. Price therefore completes the framework. Investors must consider what they are paying relative to the company’s quality, growth potential and risks. QGLP is a framework for thinking about businesses and valuations—not a guaranteed stock-picking formula. Concentration, Discipline and Risk Control Another important part of Agrawal’s philosophy is discipline. Rather than buying a large number of companies simply for the sake of diversification, his approach has emphasised having meaningful exposure to businesses that an investor understands well. However, concentration requires research and conviction. For investors who cannot spend significant time analysing businesses, appropriate diversification can remain an important risk-management tool. Risk control becomes even more important when investors move into derivatives. Options involve additional factors such as leverage, volatility, time decay and margin requirements. Investors interested in this area can build their understanding through a structured Options Trading Course before applying strategies in the live market. Agrawal has also emphasised avoiding unnecessary borrowing and excessive speculation. These principles highlight an often-overlooked part of wealth creation: protecting capital while allowing good investments time to compound. Lessons Investors Can Learn from Raamdeo Agrawal The Raamdeo Agrawal wealth creation journey provides several practical lessons for Indian investors: For investors who want to develop broader knowledge across equity, derivatives, technical analysis and fundamental analysis, the Chartered Stock Trading Expert (CSTX) program brings several important areas of market education together. Technology is also changing how modern investors analyse markets. Those interested in systematic and technology-driven strategies can explore Algo Trading as another area of financial-market education. Conclusion: The Power of Process and Patience Raamdeo Agrawal’s journey is not simply a story about becoming successful in the stock market. It

The Indian stock market has created a wide range of career opportunities for graduates, finance professionals and market enthusiasts. One such career is Equity Dealer, a role that combines stock-market knowledge, trade execution, client communication and risk awareness. If you are planning to start a career in stock broking, one of the most common questions is: “What is the Equity Dealer salary in India?” In 2026, an equity dealer’s salary can vary significantly depending on experience, location, employer, certifications, client-handling ability and performance incentives. Current salary and job-market data show entry-level roles can start around ₹2–4 lakh per annum, while experienced professionals can move substantially higher, particularly when they handle derivatives, HNI clients, business development or larger trading desks. This guide explains the Equity Dealer salary in India from fresher level to 10+ years, along with qualifications, skills, career progression and ways to increase earning potential. What Is an Equity Dealer? An Equity Dealer is a financial-market professional who executes buy and sell orders in equities and, depending on the role, derivatives on behalf of clients or a trading desk. The Government of India’s Directorate General of Training describes the role as buying and selling financial instruments on behalf of clients and providing market insights and investment-related support within organisational procedures. A typical equity dealer may: Current job descriptions also show that experienced dealers may be expected to manage client relationships, increase AUM, generate trading volumes and contribute to revenue. Equity Dealer Salary in India 2026: Experience-Wise There is no single fixed salary for an equity dealer. Compensation depends heavily on the organisation, city, market segment and responsibilities. The following is a practical indicative salary range for 2026, rather than a guaranteed salary: Experience Indicative Annual CTC Approx. Monthly CTC Fresher / 0–1 Year ₹2.0–4.0 LPA ₹16,700–₹33,300 1–2 Years ₹2.5–5.0 LPA ₹20,800–₹41,700 2–3 Years ₹3.0–6.0 LPA ₹25,000–₹50,000 3–5 Years ₹4.0–8.0 LPA ₹33,300–₹66,700 5–7 Years ₹6.0–12 LPA ₹50,000–₹1 lakh 7–10 Years ₹8–15+ LPA ₹66,700–₹1.25 lakh+ 10+ Years ₹10–20+ LPA ₹83,300–₹1.67 lakh+ Important: These are indicative market bands. Actual compensation may be lower or higher depending on the employer, location, client book, trading segment, incentives and seniority. For context, Glassdoor’s 2026 India data currently shows an average base pay around ₹3 lakh per year for Equity Dealers, with reported base-pay ranges of approximately ₹2–4 lakh. Individual reported salaries vary considerably by experience and location. Indeed’s broader “Dealer” salary data reports an average of approximately ₹23,274 per month in India, updated in February 2026. . Skills Required to Become a Successful Equity Dealer Technical Skills An equity dealer should understand: Soft Skills Technical knowledge is only one part of the job. Successful dealers also need: Trading markets can move rapidly, so an equity dealer must remain accurate even during periods of high volatility. How to Increase Your Equity Dealer Salary If your goal is to move from a ₹20,000–₹30,000 monthly role toward ₹50,000+ or eventually ₹1 lakh+ per month, focus on building a combination of skills. Step 1: Learn the Stock Market Understand: Step 2: Obtain Relevant NISM Certification Choose certifications according to the job role you want to pursue. Step 3: Develop Derivatives Expertise Understanding options and futures can differentiate you from basic equity dealers. Step 4: Improve Client Communication A dealer who can communicate market information clearly and professionally can become more valuable to a brokerage. Step 5: Learn Trading Technology Become comfortable with: Step 6: Build a Track Record Keep evidence of measurable achievements such as: These achievements can strengthen your case during salary negotiations. Equity Dealer Career Growth Path A possible career progression can look like: Fresher ↓ Junior Dealer ↓ Equity Dealer ↓ Senior Equity Dealer ↓ Derivatives / Senior Dealer ↓ Dealer Team Leader ↓ Trading Desk Manager ↓ Desk Head / Business Head Alternatively, an equity dealer can transition into: The right transition depends on your skills, qualifications and career objectives. Is Equity Dealer a stressful job? It can be. Dealers work in a fast-moving environment where accuracy, speed, market awareness and client communication are important. Final Verdict: Is Equity Dealing Worth It in 2026? An Equity Dealer career can be an excellent starting point for entering India’s financial-market industry. A fresher may start around ₹2–4 LPA, while experienced professionals can progress toward ₹8–15 LPA or more, with senior and specialised roles potentially exceeding these levels. Current market listings show a wide spread in compensation, which highlights how strongly salary depends on employer, location, experience and responsibilities. The biggest mistake is to view equity dealing as only an order-punching job. The professionals who build expertise in equity + derivatives + technical analysis + risk management + client handling + financial products generally have more opportunities to move into higher-paying roles. In simple terms: If you are a graduate who loves the stock market and wants live-market exposure rather than a purely desk-based finance job, equity dealing can be a practical career path in India’s growing financial-services industry.

In technical analysis, understanding how price moves from one swing point to another can help traders identify the direction of the market. When price breaks an important previous swing high or swing low, traders often refer to this as a Break of Structure (BOS). According to Sushil Alewa, SEBI Registered Research Analyst (INH100009433), market structure provides traders with a framework to understand price behaviour rather than reacting to every short-term movement on a chart. A BOS can help traders identify potential trend continuation, but it should always be considered a probability-based tool rather than a guaranteed trading signal. What Is Market Structure? Market structure describes the sequence of highs and lows created by price. The basic structures are: For example, suppose a stock moves from ₹100 to ₹110, pulls back to ₹104, and then rises to ₹115. The market is creating higher highs and higher lows, indicating an upward structure. Traders generally focus on meaningful swing highs and swing lows, rather than every small price fluctuation. What Is a Break of Structure? A Break of Structure in technical analysis occurs when price decisively breaks beyond an important previous swing point, generally in the direction of the existing trend. Bullish BOS A bullish BOS occurs when price in an existing uptrend closes above a previous significant swing high. Consider this example: The close above ₹110 can be considered a potential bullish BOS. Some traders may then watch the ₹110 area for a potential retest. However, entering immediately after a large breakout candle can increase the risk of chasing price. Bearish BOS A bearish BOS occurs when price in an existing downtrend closes below a previous significant swing low. For example: The close below ₹100 can represent a potential bearish BOS. The previous ₹100 support may subsequently become an area traders monitor for a possible retest. Why Candle Closes Matter? One of the most important aspects of how to identify Break of Structure is distinguishing a genuine structural break from a temporary price spike. Price may briefly move above a swing high or below a swing low and then immediately return. This is often referred to as a false breakout or liquidity sweep. Therefore, traders may look for: A single wick beyond a level should not automatically be treated as BOS. How Traders Use Break of Structure? A BOS trading strategy can be used in several ways. 1. Trend Confirmation A bullish BOS can provide evidence that buyers are continuing to control an uptrend, while a bearish BOS can indicate continued selling pressure. 2. Entry Planning Rather than entering immediately after a breakout, some traders wait for price to return to the broken level and look for confirmation. 3. Stop-Loss Placement A stop-loss can be placed beyond a logical swing point or the level that invalidates the trading setup. 4. Target Selection Traders may use the next major support or resistance area, previous swing points, liquidity zones or a predefined risk-reward ratio to establish targets. For traders wanting to strengthen their chart-reading skills, the ISFM Technical Analysis Course covers practical concepts such as candlesticks, chart patterns, indicators and price-action analysis. Break of Structure in Nifty, Bank Nifty and Stock Trading BOS can be applied across different Indian markets. For example, an intraday trader may observe Nifty forming higher highs and higher lows on a 15-minute chart. If Nifty closes above a significant previous swing high, the trader may consider it evidence of bullish structural continuation. Similarly, Bank Nifty can produce sharp structural breaks because of its volatility. Traders need to be particularly careful about false breaks and sudden reversals. In individual stocks, BOS can be combined with volume and broader market direction to assess whether a breakout has meaningful participation. Traders interested in derivatives can explore the ISFM Options Trading Course and ISFM Advance Derivatives Course to understand how price movements and volatility affect option positions. How to Filter False BOS Signals Before considering a structural break, traders can ask: These questions can help traders avoid treating every price spike as a meaningful BOS. For traders looking to develop broader market knowledge, ISFM also offers Fundamental Analysis Course and Algo Trading Course as part of its financial-market learning programs. Common BOS Trading Mistakes Some common mistakes include: The same concept can also be applied to forex and cryptocurrency markets, although traders should account for differences in liquidity, volatility and trading hours. A Simple BOS Trading Process A structured approach can look like this: Conclusion Break of Structure is a simple but powerful way to understand price behaviour. Instead of trying to predict every market movement, traders can observe whether price is maintaining its sequence of highs and lows or breaking an important structural level. Whether you are analysing an individual stock, Nifty, Bank Nifty, forex or crypto, BOS can provide useful information about potential trend continuation. However, it works best when combined with price action, volume, trend context and disciplined risk management. A BOS is evidence—not certainty. Traders should build their decisions around a complete trading plan rather than relying on one technical signal. “A break of structure is not a prediction of the future. It is evidence that price has changed its behaviour—and the trader’s job is to respond with a plan.”

Have you ever bought a Nifty Call because you were confident the market would rise—only to see the option premium fall? Or predicted that Bank Nifty would decline, bought a Put option, and still ended up with a loss even though Bank Nifty actually fell? This is one of the most frustrating experiences for an option buyer. But it teaches an important lesson: being correct about market direction is not enough. An option buyer must also be right about timing, speed, strike selection and volatility. Brokerage, taxes, bid-ask spreads and slippage can further reduce returns. Expert Insight According to Sushil Alewa, SEBI Registered Research Analyst (INH100009433), option buying requires much more than correctly predicting whether the market will move up or down. “A trader can be right about the direction and still lose money if the expected move does not happen within the required time, the option strike is poorly selected, implied volatility falls, or time decay erodes the premium. Successful option trading requires traders to evaluate direction, timing, magnitude, volatility, risk and transaction costs together rather than treating direction as the only factor.” 9 Reaons Why Most Option Buyers Lose Money 1. How Option Premium Works: Direction Is Only One Factor An option premium is influenced by several factors, including: Option premium broadly consists of intrinsic value and time value. Intrinsic value is the value an option would have if exercised immediately. Time value represents the amount traders are willing to pay for the possibility that the option becomes more valuable before expiry. Therefore, Nifty can move upward while a Nifty Call still loses value if other factors work against the buyer. Traders who want to build a stronger foundation in charts, market structure and price behaviour can explore ISFM’s Technical Analysis Course. 2. Theta Decay: The Cost of Being Wrong About Timing One of the biggest enemies of an option buyer is theta decay. Theta represents the erosion of an option’s time value as expiry approaches. For option buyers, theta is generally negative. Imagine a trader buys a weekly Nifty Call expecting a strong rally. However, Nifty remains almost flat for two days. The bullish prediction has not necessarily become wrong. But the option has less time left to produce the expected move. As a result, its time value can decline. This effect becomes particularly important with short-dated options and can become more noticeable as expiry approaches. You can be right about the direction and wrong about the timing. Understanding option Greeks and how time affects premiums is an important part of learning options trading. ISFM’s Options Trading Strategy Course covers options, Greeks, volatility, Nifty and Bank Nifty trading, and risk management. 3. The Market Moves, But Not Enough Suppose you buy a Nifty Call expecting a 2% rise. Instead, Nifty rises only 0.5% over several days. Technically, your prediction was correct. But the move may not be large or fast enough to overcome: This is why option buyers need to think about magnitude and speed, not simply whether the market will move up or down. The same problem can occur with stock options. A trader may correctly predict that a stock will rise but still lose money if the stock takes too long to reach the expected level. 4. IV Crush Can Hurt a Correct Prediction Implied volatility (IV) reflects the market’s expectations about future price movement and has a major influence on option premiums. Before major events, option premiums may increase because traders expect a large price movement. After the event, uncertainty can disappear and IV can fall sharply. This is commonly called an IV crush. For example, a trader buys a Bank Nifty Call before an important event because they expect the index to rise. Bank Nifty does rise—but the move is smaller than expected and IV falls significantly afterward. The option premium can decline despite the correct directional prediction. This is why traders need to understand not only price direction but also the volatility environment surrounding an option trade. 5. Wrong Strike Selection Can Turn a Good View Into a Bad Trade A ₹20 option may look attractive compared with a ₹200 option. But cheap does not mean safe. Deep out-of-the-money (OTM) options require a substantial move in the underlying before they become valuable. For example, buying a far OTM stock Call because “the premium is only ₹10” may look low-risk. But if the stock does not move sufficiently before expiry, the option can lose most or all of its value. At-the-money (ATM), in-the-money (ITM) and OTM options behave differently. Strike selection should therefore be based on the expected move, time available and risk—not simply the premium price. 6. Transaction Costs Quietly Eat Profits Even when an option trade moves in your favour, your final return is affected by trading costs. Depending on the transaction, these may include: This becomes especially important for traders making frequent weekly-option trades or scalping small movements. A ₹500 gross profit does not necessarily mean ₹500 reaches your trading account. For traders seeking structured market education covering derivatives, regulations and professional market practices, ISFM’s NISM Certification Training can provide a broader learning framework. 7. Overtrading Makes the Problem Worse Many traders damage their accounts not because their market analysis is always wrong, but because of poor execution. Common mistakes include: One correct prediction cannot compensate for repeated undisciplined trades. Developing a systematic approach can help traders reduce impulsive decisions. Traders interested in rule-based strategies and technology-driven execution can explore ISFM’s Algo Trading Course. 8. A Better Pre-Trade Checklist Before buying an option, ask yourself: This checklist forces you to think beyond direction. 9. Better Habits for Option Buyers Option buyers can improve their trading process by: Defined-risk strategies such as spreads can also be considered by experienced traders, but they are not risk-free and should only be used after understanding their structure and risks. Conclusion Options trading is a game of precision. You can correctly predict that Nifty will rise, Bank Nifty will fall or a stock will

NSE IPO 2026 is no longer just a market rumour. India’s most-awaited stock-market listing is now approaching, and investors are watching closely. With an issue size of around ₹22,561.57 crore, a price band of up to ₹1,785 per share, and a proposed listing on September 24, 2026, the National Stock Exchange IPO could become one of the biggest market events of the year. But the big question remains: Should investors apply for the NSE IPO? NSE IPO 2026: Key Details Particular Details IPO Price Band ₹1,700 – ₹1,785 Lot Size 8 Shares Minimum Investment ₹14,280 Issue Size ₹22,561.57 Crore IPO Opens September 17, 2026 IPO Closes September 21, 2026 Allotment Date September 22, 2026 Listing Date September 24, 2026 At the upper price band of ₹1,785, investors would need ₹14,280 for one lot of eight shares. The issue is structured as an Offer for Sale (OFS), meaning existing shareholders are offering their shares to the public rather than NSE raising fresh capital through the issue. Why Is the NSE IPO Creating So Much Buzz? The National Stock Exchange is unlike a typical company coming to the stock market. NSE is one of the most important institutions in India’s financial ecosystem, with a major presence in equity and derivatives trading and through its widely followed Nifty index. Its proposed listing is also significant because the exchange has been working towards becoming publicly listed for years. The long wait has created enormous investor interest, making the NSE IPO one of the most closely watched IPOs of 2026. For investors wanting to understand how to evaluate a company before investing, fundamental analysis can help in studying financial performance, valuation, growth and business quality. NSE IPO Valuation: The Big Number At the upper price band, NSE’s implied valuation is estimated at around ₹4.4 lakh crore. That figure alone makes the IPO fascinating. However, investors should remember one important rule: a great business is not automatically a great investment at every valuation. Before applying, investors should consider profitability, valuation, growth prospects, competition, regulatory factors and the overall risk-reward equation. NSE IPO GMP: Can It Predict Listing Gains? As the IPO approaches, NSE IPO GMP (Grey Market Premium) is likely to become one of the most searched topics among retail investors. But should investors rely on GMP? Not on its own. GMP is an unofficial indicator of market sentiment and can change rapidly. It does not guarantee the actual listing price or listing gains. Investors should consider GMP alongside valuation, subscription demand, market conditions and company fundamentals. Those interested in understanding market price behaviour can also explore technical analysis to learn about trends, momentum, support, resistance and market psychology. Should You Apply for the NSE IPO? This is where excitement needs to be balanced with discipline. The NSE IPO has several factors that could attract strong investor demand: a powerful brand, an important position in India’s capital markets and years of anticipation surrounding its public listing. But IPO popularity does not guarantee listing profits. Investors should avoid applying simply because “everyone is buying.” The price paid for a business ultimately matters. For traders interested in derivatives and market volatility, the NSE listing could also become an important event to watch. Understanding options trading strategies can provide useful knowledge about volatility, option pricing and risk management. According to Sushil Alewa, SEBI Registered Research Analyst According to Sushil Alewa, SEBI Registered Research Analyst (INH100009433), investors should avoid making IPO decisions purely on hype. A sound investment decision should consider the company’s fundamentals, valuation, business quality and associated risks rather than assuming that a popular IPO will automatically deliver immediate returns. Final Takeaway The NSE IPO 2026 could become one of India’s biggest market stories this year. With a potential ₹22,561.57 crore issue, an upper price band of ₹1,785, an 8-share lot size, and a proposed September 24 listing, investors have plenty of reasons to keep NSE on their watchlist. But before hitting “Apply,” ask yourself one question: Are you buying NSE because the valuation makes sense — or simply because the IPO is creating massive hype? That answer could matter more than the IPO excitement itself.

A company can report rising profits and still struggle to pay suppliers, employees, lenders, or investors. Why? Because profit and cash flow are not the same thing. Profit is an accounting measure, while cash flow shows the actual movement of cash into and out of a business. For long-term investors, understanding this difference is an important part of fundamental analysis for beginners in India. This article is written by Sushil Alewa, SEBI Registered Research Analyst (INH100009433), to help investors understand how cash-flow analysis can support better investment decisions. Strong cash generation can help a company repay debt, invest in growth, pay dividends and survive difficult periods. Investors should therefore look beyond reported profit. You can also read our guide on how to analyse a stock before investing for a broader fundamental-analysis framework. What Is a Cash Flow Statement? A cash flow statement records the movement of cash into and out of a company during a specific financial period. It has three major sections: The statement helps explain changes in the company’s cash balance. However, it should be read along with the profit-and-loss statement, balance sheet, annual report and auditor’s notes. Investors who want to develop a deeper understanding of company financial statements can explore ISFM’s Fundamental Analysis Course. 1. Cash Flow from Operating Activities Operating cash flow (OCF) shows how much cash a company generates from its core business. It includes cash collected from customers and payments to suppliers, employees, tax authorities and other operating expenses. Consistently positive operating cash flow is generally a healthy sign. Investors should compare: For example, if profits rise from ₹50 crore to ₹100 crore but operating cash flow remains around ₹20 crore, investors should investigate. Rising receivables, increasing inventory or working-capital requirements could be consuming cash. 2. Cash Flow from Investing Activities Investing cash flow usually relates to long-term assets and investments. Examples include buying machinery, building factories, investing in technology, acquiring businesses, or selling assets. Negative investing cash flow is not necessarily bad. A company building a new factory may spend substantial cash today to create future growth. Ask: 3. Cash Flow from Financing Activities Financing cash flow shows how a company raises and returns capital. It includes new borrowings, debt repayment, share issuance, dividends and share buybacks. Repeated borrowing to fund normal operations can be a warning sign. Frequent share issuance can also dilute existing shareholders. Conversely, regular debt repayment and sustainable dividends can indicate stronger financial discipline. Free Cash Flow: A Key Investor Measure A popular measure in free cash flow analysis is: Free Cash Flow = Operating Cash Flow − Capital Expenditure FCF represents the cash remaining after capital expenditure. Strong free cash flow can help a company repay debt, pay dividends, buy back shares and fund expansion. Investors should examine whether FCF remains consistently positive rather than focusing on one exceptional year. Profit vs Cash Flow: A Simple Example Particulars Company A Company B Net Profit ₹100 crore ₹80 crore Operating Cash Flow ₹20 crore ₹90 crore Company A reports higher profit, but Company B generates more operating cash. Company A may have significant credit sales where customers have not yet paid. Company B’s earnings may be better supported by actual cash collections. This illustrates why operating cash flow vs net profit is an important check when evaluating earnings quality. Useful Cash Flow Checks Investors can calculate: There is no universal ideal ratio. Compare the company with its own history and similar businesses. For more financial metrics, see 10 financial ratios every investor must know before buying a stock. Cash Flow Red Flags Watch for: One warning sign does not automatically make a company weak. Look for persistent patterns and read management’s explanations. How to Analyse a Company in Five Steps Investors can combine fundamental analysis with other market skills. Those interested in chart-based market analysis can explore ISFM’s Technical Analysis Course, while learners seeking broader market and regulatory knowledge can explore NISM Certification Training. For readers looking for a broader professional understanding of equity markets, derivatives and financial-market concepts, ISFM’s Chartered Financial Market Expert (FMX) Course is another learning option. Conclusion Cash flow analysis helps investors distinguish between genuine business strength and accounting-driven profits. A positive cash flow statement does not guarantee a good investment, but persistent cash-flow weakness deserves attention. Before investing, ask how much cash the company generates, where that cash goes, and whether the business can grow without constantly depending on lenders or new investors.